Upon completion of this laboratory exercise students should be able to directly measure bulk density and particle density using the graduated cylinder method for coarse textured, non-aggregated soil samples. G S should not be confused with the soil density since it is a dimensionless unit and expresses the ratio of two particular densities. Your email address will not be published. Paper towels may absorb water in the aggregate pores. Apple (Paid)https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nickzom-calculator/id1331162702?mt=8 Absorptions above about 5 percent tend to make HMA mixtures uneconomical because extra asphalt binder is required to account for the high aggregate absorption. However, direct volume measurements are difficult, therefore weight measurements are usually made and then converted to a volume based on material specific gravities. Use this information to calculate bulk density, porosity, and water-filled pore volume. The density of water varies less than 1.5 mg/cm3 over the narrow range of normal temperatures. One critical problem with this method is that if a specimens air voids are high, and thus potentially interconnected (for dense-graded HMA this occurs at about 8 to 10 percent air voids), water quickly drains out of them as the specimen is removed from its water bath, which results in an erroneously low HMA sample volume measurement and thus an erroneously high bulk specific gravity. $\gamma = \dfrac{(G + Se)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, $\gamma = \dfrac{(G + Gw)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, $\gamma_{sat} = \dfrac{(G + e)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, $\gamma ' = \dfrac{(G - 1)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, $D_r = \dfrac{e_{max} - e}{e_{max} - e_{min}}$, MATHalino - Engineering Mathematics Copyright 2023. w= Density of Water Absorption can indicate the amount of asphalt binder the aggregate will absorb. If the room temperature is different from 27 o C, the following correction should be done:-G' = kG where, G' = Corrected specific gravity at 27 o C This laboratory entails a demonstration of the use of a soil density sampler, and a problem set that is focused on common soil density calculations. Rather, specific gravity is an aggregate quality needed to make required volume calculations. 6. To compute for bulk density, two essential parameters are needed and these parameters areMass of the soil (m)andVolume of the soil (V). Calculate bulk density, particle density, and porosity using the following formulas. Nickzom Calculator The Calculator Encyclopedia is capable of calculating the specific gravity of soil particle. The complete procedure can be found in: Other standard tests available to determine bulk specific gravity that are not described in this section are: A compacted HMA sample (usually a SGC compacted laboratory sample or a field-obtained HMA core) is weighed dry, saturated surface dry (SSD) and submerged (Figure 1). Equation for calculate bulk specific gravity is, G b = (W * D) / (W - I) Where, G b > = Bulk Specific Gravity. A unit called the slug , equal to 32.17 "mass-pounds" or 14.6 kg, can be used to convert between pounds in the . The following formulas are taken from unit weights of soil: = ( G + S e) w 1 + e = ( G + G w) w 1 + e d = G w 1 + e s a t = ( G + e) w 1 + e = ( G 1) w 1 + e Where m = mass of soil V = volume of soil W = weight of soil = density of soil d = dry density of soil sat = saturated density of soil ' = buoyant density of soil Now, Click onSoil Mechanics and FoundationunderAgricultural, Now, Click on Specific Gravity of Soil Particle underSoil Mechanics and Foundation. If absorption is incorrectly accounted for, the resulting HMA could be overly dry and have low durability (absorption calculated lower than it actually is) or over-asphalted and susceptible to distortion and rutting (absorption calculated higher than it actually is). Specific Gravity of Solid Particles, G at least ten times from a height of about 2-3 inches. Calculating the Mass of the Soil when the Bulk Density and the Volume of the Soil is Given. The final specific gravity is calculated following the specific gravity of soil formulas in the test method, along with the density of water and temperature coefficient tables. This is because asphalt binder that is absorbed by the aggregate is not available to coat the aggregate particle surface and is therefore not available for bonding. Lets solve an example; Void ratio is the ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids. Specific gravity of solid = 2.65. This results in less total pore volume. Typical values for bulk specific gravity range from 2.200 to 2.500 depending upon the bulk specific gravity of the aggregate, the asphalt binder content, and the amount of compaction. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Units of density are typically expressed in g cm3 or Mg m-3. UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL SOLIDS (? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. Once there are no visible signs of water film on the aggregate particle surfaces, determine the sample mass. Soil represents a unique arrangement of solids and voids. Add the second 25 mL of soil sample and stir again to remove air bubbles. And after that, we will find the specific gravity of the object. Calculating the Density of Water when the Specific Gravity of Soil Particle and the Density of Soil is Given. A change in aggregate mineral or physical properties can result in a change in specific gravity. Return any soil sample remaining in beaker to sample storage container and dry clean beaker. Legal. $V = V_s + V_v$, volume of voids = volume of water + volume of air Samples for determining bulk density must be collected very carefully to insure the sample represents the in situ condition desired and no additional compaction or loosening has occurred. = Weight of water present in the given soil mass. First, you need to obtain the app. Mathematically, ASTM D 854 This method is applicable for soils composed of "Particles smaller than 4.75mm in size". Measuring Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Specimens Using The Troxler Model 3660 CoreReader. Particle density is a measure of the mass of soil solids per given volume (g/cm3 ); however, pore space is not included as it is with bulk density. The bulk specific gravity test is used to determine the specific gravity of a compacted HMA sample by determining the ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. The liquid and gas portions are essential for plant growth and are found in the pore spaces among the soil solids. w at 4C is 1gm/ml, 1000 kg/m 3 or 1 Mg/m 3 Basic Soil Relationships Certainly, the accuracy of all measurements is important. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The formulas for calculating bulk density and particle density follow: Bulk density, b = mass of oven dry soil total soil volume Bulk density, b = mass of oven dry soil total soil volume Particle density, p = mass of oven dry soil volume of soil solids Particle density, p = mass of oven dry soil volume of soil solids Figure 8.1. S = Degree of saturation Immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 15 to 19 hours (Figure 7). Thus as soil density increases, soil porosity decreases. (d)min = dry unit weight of the soil at its loosest condition The figure shown below is an idealized soil drawn into phases of solids, water, and air. This is because in the normal procedure the water may not be able to penetrate the pores to the center of the aggregate particle during the soaking time. Calculating the Volume of the Soil when the Bulk Density and the Mass of the Soil is Given. Although it avoids problems associated with the SSD condition, it is often inaccurate because it assumes a perfectly smooth surface, thereby ignoring surface irregularities (i.e., the rough surface texture of a typical specimen). It is the Specific Gravity of Soil. The results are as follows: Aggregate A: Bulk specific gravity=2.814; absorption=0.4% Aggregate B: Bulk specific gravity=2.441; absorption=3.0% What is the specific gravity of a mixture of 35% aggregate A and 65% aggregate B by weight? $W = W_s + W_w$. C = mass of SSD sample in water (g). Laboratory samples are typically dry at the beginning of the test; however, field samples will typically be damp. This sample size is based on nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS). Mass of Soil = Ws Mass of the same volume of water, Ww = (W1 + Ws) - W2 Gs (T1 C) = Ws / Ww Specific Gravity of Soil at Various Temperature For more accurate results it is recommended to conduct tests 3 times on the same soil sample. The problem set will be provided to you at the beginning of the laboratory session. Symbols and Notations, m = unit weight, bulk unit weight, moist unit weightd = Dry unit weightsat = Saturated unit weightb, ' = Buoyant unit weight or effective unit weights = Unit weight of solidsw = Unit weight of water (equal to 9810 N/m3) INSTRUCTIONS: Choose units and enter the following: () The mean density of the object or liquid. The specimens may have been molded in the laboratory or cut or cored form compacted pavements. Read More: 7 Brick Test to Decide Quality of Bricks. If the unit weight of soil is 50% saturated, then its bulk unit weight will be _____ If the unit weight of soil is 50% saturated, then its bulk unit weight will be ______ Once, you have obtained the calculator encyclopedia app, proceed to theCalculator Map,then click onAgriculturalunderEngineering. The following formula is used to calculate the specific gravity of a material. Required fields are marked *. The gamma ray method is based on the scattering and absorption properties of gamma rays with matter. The degree of saturation is normally expressed in a percentage. Finally, specific gravity differences can be used to indicate a possible material change. Q.2: Why unit weight of water is taken at 4C. G = specific gravity of soil solids If more than 2 percent water by volume is absorbed by the sample then this method is not appropriate. s = Density of Soil = 11. Soil deposits consist of the soil particles and the void space between the particles. Take an average of 3 values these values should not vary by more than 2 to 3%. Weight-Volume Relationship from the Phase Diagram of Soil. (d)max = dry unit weight of the soil at its densest condition, Designation of Granular Soil Based on Relative Density. Wash the aggregate retained on the No. First, find the bulk density of the heavier soil sample. s = Density of Soil = 156. The determination of the specific gravity method is as follows: The measuring flask with 1000ml capacity is weighed for the determination of its empty weight denoted by W 1. Now you're ready to calculate density. Q & A about Specific Gravity of Soil. The following formulas are taken from unit weights of soil: $\rho_{sat} = \dfrac{(G + e)\rho_w}{1 + e}$, Where (Note: Specific gravity of any element is unit less parameter). The volume expansion of the solid mineral is insignificant. An incorrect specific gravity value will result in incorrect calculated volumes and ultimately result in an incorrect mix design. Soil is a three-phase materialthat consists of solid particles and voids which are filled with water and air. When dealing with soil samples, the average particle density of soil is 2.66 g/ (cm^3). However, in practice the paraffin film application is quite difficult and test results are inconsistent. g = 32.2 ft/sec2. With proper calibration, the gamma ray count is directly converted to the density or bulk specific gravity of the material (Troxler, 2001[1]). Home Science Classical Physics. How to Calculate and Solve for Degree of Saturation | Soil Mechanics and Foundation, How to Calculate and Solve for Unit Weight | Soil Mechanics and Foundation, How to Calculate and Solve for Inter-atomic Spacing | Braggs Law, How to Calculate and Solve for Conversion of Volume Fraction to Mass Fraction | Phase Transformation, How to Calculate and Solve for Net Force between Two Atoms | Crystal Structures, How to Calculate and Solve for Planar Density | Crystal Structures, How to Calculate and Solve for Linear Density | Crystal Structures, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.nickzom.nickzomcalculator, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nickzom.nickzomcalculator, https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nickzom-calculator/id1331162702?mt=8. Therefore, the Specific Gravity GS is calculated as: A correction is utilized to adjust the results at a reference temperature T=20C: where K is the temperature correction factor. Effective Unit Weight, ' Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Apple (Paid)https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nickzom-calculator/id1331162702?mt=8 SCOPE This method of test covers the procedure for determining the bulk specific gravity of specimens of compacted asphalt mixtures. Submerge sample in 77F (25C) water for 4 minutes and record the submerged mass . The procedure that is followed towards that goal is the following: To better understand how the Specific Gravity is calculated, the aforementioned measured quantities are presented in Figure 1. Degree of saturation is the ratio of volume of water to the volume of voids. From $\gamma = \dfrac{(G + Se)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, S = 100%, Buoyant Unit Weight or Effective Unit Weight V = Volume of the Soil. emin = void ratio of the soil at its densest conditiond = current dry unit weight of soil in-situ Find the volume of the soil when the bulk density is 15 and the mass of the soil is 45. sb = Bulk Density = 15 In this laboratory, additional physical properties will be measured, and their implications for land management will be discussed. The formula for calculating bulk density: s b = m / V Where: s b = Bulk Density m = Mass of the Soil V = Volume of the Soil Let's solve an example; Find the bulk density when the mass of the soil is 24 and the volume of the soil is 6. The formulas for calculating bulk density and particle density follow: [latex]\text{Bulk density, }_\text{b}=\frac{\text{mass of oven dry soil}}{\text{total soil volume}}[/latex], [latex]\text{Particle density, }_\text{p}=\frac{\text{mass of oven dry soil}}{\text{volume of soil solids}}[/latex]. The volume includes both solids and pores. If the aggregate is not oven-dry to start, the existing water in the aggregate pore structrure may be able to penetrate further into the pores (AASHTO, 2000c. ASTM D 2726: Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures, AASHTO T 166: Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted, AASHTO T 275: Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Paraffin-Coated Specimens, AASHTO TP 69: Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Automatic Vacuum Sealing Method. Drying should occur in an oven regulated at 230F (110C). h=depth of heave soil prism/unit length pile. Weight of soil after dry in oven: 45.5 kg. = Weight of soil solid in a given soil mass. Each test takes approximately 7 minutes to conduct excluding preparation time. In this case, use AASHTO T 275, Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Paraffin-Coated Specimens or AASHTO TP 69, Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Automatic Vacuum Sealing Method. The bulk specific gravity test is used to determine the specific gravity of a compacted HMA sample by determining the ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. Figure 6: CoreLok sample vacuum sealed in a plastic bag. w. The mass density of water ? Android (Free)https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nickzom.nickzomcalculator The specific gravity of soil can be calculated by using the following formula,G = Mass of soil / Mass of equal volume of water Where, Mass of Soil = Ws Mass of the same volume of water, Ww = (W1 + Ws) W2 Gs (T1 C) = Ws / Ww, Copyright [2019 - 2023] [Civiconcepts.com] | by [Bhushan Mahajan], 3040 House Plans | 1200 sq ft House Plan, Specific Gravity of Soil Test Procedure, Result & Calculation, General Specific Gravity of Soil Range for Various Soils, Determination of Specific Gravity Test of Soil, Calculation Of Specific Gravity Of Soil Sample, Specific Gravity of Soil at Various Temperature, Specific Gravity of Soil Lab Report Discussion, Water Content of Soil Test Procedure, Result & Report, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test on Concrete, Soundness Test of Cement Procedure and Results, Abrasion Test on Aggregate & Its Procedure, Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube Test Result 7, 14, 28 Days, What To Do If Concrete Cube Fails After 28 days, Cement of Fineness: Definition, Importance, and How to Test It, 8 Different Types Of Mop With Pros & Cons, 5 Different Types of Chains In Civil Engineering, What Is Architecture | 8 Types of Architects | Different Types of Architecture | Top Architecture Types With Pictures, 8 Different Types of Air Conditioners With Pros & Cons, 30 Types Of Shed | Different Types Of Shed In Backyard | Types Of Backyard Shed | Best Shed Styles Designs, 12 Different Types of Gardens | Most Popular Types of Gardening | Top Garden Types With Pictures, Defects In Timber | Top Defects Of Timber | 5 Different Types of Defects In Timber | Foxiness In Timber, Different Types of Chimneys For Kitchens [Pros & Cons], 15 Types of Drywall Anchors | Different Types Of Wall Anchors | Dry Wall Anchors Types | Best Types of Wall Anchors For Wall, Types Of Gutters | 22 Different Types of Gutters | Rain Gutter Downspout | Best Types of Rain Gutter For House, Explore the 15 Different Types of Door Locks for Home Security, 8 Different Types of Kitchen Cabinets for Your Dream Kitchen, 12 Types of Rugs | Different Types of Rugs With Pictures | Best Types of Rug For Living Room | Best Rug For Bedroom, Different Types of Roof Overhang and Their Advantages, 15 Different Types of Fans For Home | Ceiling Fan Type, 10 Different Types of Stoves For Your Kitchen, 22 Different Types of Drill Bits and Their Uses [PDF], Thermometer graduated in O.soC division scale.