The structure of school and the structure of the family are obviously very different. Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. Adults who were homeschool as kids are civically engaged and well adjusted. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. 2010). Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. For example, in 2007 British Columbia passed a law require all schools to have codes of conduct and a zero tolerance policy toward bullying. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. How a teacher approaches the issue of gender can have a lasting impact on how children understand the perceived socially acceptable roles for males and females. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Girls who were verbally abused by teachers during childhood were also less likely to finish high school (Brendgen et al. You can help your child work on Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. The child interacts with many features of his or her environment which all contribute to the childs social development. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. What were the characteristics of popular students? In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. What are Brints three zones of socialization? Agents of socialization are the social structures in which socialization occurs. Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. Learning the expected appropriate behaviours and values of the schools system is a complex ongoing process of socialization. Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. What were the characteristics of unpopular students. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972). 2003. http://www.education.alberta.ca/media/645805/srhelapofs.pdf pp. WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. Policy in which specific code infractions result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. What kinds of peer groups existed in your high school? They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. This phenomenon of a network of disadvantageous social ties has been called negative social capital (Portes 1998). The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). 2007). Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. In Alberta, applied English language arts are designated the course abbreviation of ELA 10-2 (Grade 10), 20-2 (Grade 11), and 30-2 (Grade 12). Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. 2007)depending on who is doing them. What problems are being identified? Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. Schools are directly responsible for making people worthwhile in their respective societies. Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. What group(s) were you in? Students in such tracks often indicate that they are bored and that they are not engaged with the course materials (Berends 1995). Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). They also tended to be popular. Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Check Google News for recent news items of the underachievement of boys. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). The outrage that followed the display by the Winnipeg teachers strongly supports the idea that teachers are implicit moral role models. Students may not touch other students. As noted by Sweet et al. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. Critics (see Apple 2000) also object to the presentation of the public schooling system as a failure and argue that the home schooling movement, particularly the neo-conservative home schooling movement in the United States, serves to segment and divide the population, essentially creating more problems than it actually solves. Indeed, this is a problem facing a great deal of Aboriginal youth in Canada. As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). Schools codes of conduct serve to penalize those who do not conform. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. How do they contribute to student socialization? Within the general category of elites, such peer groups as populars, student union members, and preppies were found. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. In what major ways is the organization of the family different from the organization of the school? Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. Our peer group is also important because typically our peers share the same interest which lays foundation for support and socialization amongst the group. Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. The first zone is called the core. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. Wotherspoon and Schissel (2001) give an account of an alternative education program in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan called the Won Ska Cultural School. Because computer use is seen as a masculine activity by both boys and girls (Sokal 2002, 2010), the use of computers in literacy teaching may neutralize the idea that reading is a feminine task. 4. There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. What are some examples of streaming? The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. Creating and enforcing codes of conduct can therefore be viewed as a form of socialization whose objective it is to create the desirable student. Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. Few male role models exist to make young boys interested in subject matter because school subjects and the entirety of the schooling environment are for girls. Activities such as reading are considered girl activities, and behaviours that are valued in a classroom environment, like sitting still and paying attention, are more associated with the behaviours of young girls than boys. Gender stereotypes, however, do exist in perceived competence and ability in subjects, with girls consistently indicating less confidence in their ability in science and math (see Simpkins, Davis-Deane, and Eccles 2006 for an overview). What reasons have parents given for home schooling their children? Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Peer victimization and rejection have been found to be associated with psychological distress that carries over into adulthood (Ambert 1994; Bagwell, Newcomb, and Bukowski 1998; Roff 1990; Roth, Coles, and Heimberg 2002). Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. Currie and Kelly (2006) found that the popular girls in their study tended to be slim, dress in a sexy manner, and wear lots of makeup, according to non-popular girls. Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). Such embedded practices are lining up, doing homework, taking tests, and being evaluated. Critics such as Greig (2003) argue that single-sex settings reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes that encourage teachers to treat boys and girls differently. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. Their program, called the Character Education and Virtues Program, rewards students every time they are caught doing a selfless act in the school.3 The students receive a paper bear that is placed on a wall for all to see, and by collecting enough of these, the students receive prizes. A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. WebMaster the fundamentals of SPSS with this newly updated and instructive resource The newly and thoroughly revised Second Edition of SPSS Essentials delivers a comprehensive guide for students in the social sciences who wish to learn how to use the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the effective collection, management, and If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. Goths, skaters, punks, headbangers, and emos are all names given to groups that have been found within adolescent peer groups in schools, all of which are oriented around particular tastes in music and fashion. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. 2. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. There are many new behaviours and experiences that children must adapt to when starting school for the first time. 52 Examples of a Social Experience John Spacey, June 09, 2022 Social experiences are interactions with other people. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. Give examples of how each works. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school.
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