Interestingly 96 % of lithium was extracted after 20 second of microwave irradiation in presence of 80% excess acid. Spodumene theoretically contains 8.03% Li2O and therefore the production of this mineral is greatly increasing because of the expanded use of lithium in the manufacture of high temperature insoluble lubricants, ceramics, pyrotechnics, non-ferrous welding fluxes, air purifying agents, and hydrogen isotopes. The pilot plant conversion process from spodumene concentrate to lithium hydroxide was further optimized and confirmed the previous strong results with extraction and conversion rates of. 0000001364 00000 n Here, to spodumene conversion and lithium extraction were performed in a rotary kiln on a 2 mm to 2 cm spodumene concentrate instead of a micrometric one using a 1050 C, 30 min conversion treatment and 250 C, 30 min, 30% H 2 SO 4 excess leaching treatment. Due to localized heat some spot of the sample heated up to the melting point of the spodumene and left sintered and/ or melted parts. Battery-Grade Lithium Extraction. 0000008100 00000 n 0000018469 00000 n FEECO is a leader in advanced thermal processing and agglomeration process solutions and custom equipment. VinFast chose Chatham County, North Carolina for its new EV manufacturing site, and Forza X1 picked McDowell County, North Carolina for its electric-powered boat manufacturing plant. Paddle mixers are often the mixer of choice due to their heavy-duty construction, though care must be taken to choose materials that will be able to withstand the highly corrosive processing environment of sulfuric acid digestion. T-~t|sj}}1SYSI_{f` *&2 At one time, spodumene was the primary source of lithium production, but the industry transitioned to extracting lithium from brines because of the significantly lower operating costs. We also offer a unique testing facility to aid in process development. We can provide custom rotary calciners for use in the lithium extraction process, be it for decrepitation or acid roasting. Future drilling is expected to yield further significant increases. This will ultimately include the development of a spodumene conversion facility at NAL to produce lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate, as per the Company's agreement with the Qubec Government to develop a local downstream processing capability in proximity to the North . A considerable carbon footprint is created by hard rock spodumene miners shipping a concentrate containing a mere ~6% Li2O for downstream conversion to hydroxide in China before further onwards transport to battery manufacturers in Europe and beyond. or youre not sure where to start, we can help. Earlier this month its chief executive told reporters the developer had around 200,000 tonnes of spodumene to sell. Deliveries should start between July 2022 and June 2023. Most lithium is commercially produced from either the extraction of lithium-containing salts from underground brine reservoirs or the mining of lithium-containing rock, such as spodumene. where spodumene and other lithium-bearing materials can be tested at both batch and pilot-scale. Piloting of the Thermal Leaching + Lime Process to produce lithium hydroxide (See Critical Elements press release dated October 29, 2018). Battery manufacturers are still working on perfecting the right cathode chemistry for balancing power and performance with safety and stability. `umX. This phenomenon directly causes the reduction in particle size which increases the specific surface of the sample. The ore mined during these operations is processed through conventional milling and flotation methods to produce a spodumene concentrate as the final product. While lithium can be derived from a variety of sources, one source of lithium looks to be making a resurgence in the effort to meet future lithium demands: spodumene. INN does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company profiled. In 2021, Piedmont Lithium redomiciled from Australia to the United States. Again, this is typically carried out in a rotary kiln. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> %PDF-1.4 % NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION TO UNITED STATES NEWS WIRE SERVICES OR FOR DISSEMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES. We offer comprehensive modelling, piloting, and full-scale solutions that convert DLE outputs into battery-grade inputs. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"ez_Mfv4bmK2MgakiauDCB__Bwpl.3alqiEvikDfqXK4-1800-0"}; Achieve true ZLD with two forced circulation evaporative crystallizer options: SaltMaker MVR and SaltMaker MSF. 0000023964 00000 n The main unit operations in the pilot process were: Soda leach residue filtration and washing, Conversion residue filtration and washing. Concentrate used for pilot plant testing was provided from sample taken from Critical Elements Rose and Rose South zones. Lithium processing plants are water plants. Testing lithium recovery from spodumene in a facility such as the FEECO Innovation Center allows process variables to be worked out and can produce an array of samples for further testing. Plateau Energys Falchani high-grade lithium project contains a unique volcanic-hosted hard rock lithium deposit with a 2019 updated resource estimate of 4.7 million tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent. Indirect-fired kilns are externally heated in order to keep the material and products of combustion separate. Metso Outotec is a leading technology company in multiple mining and extraction industries, including the lithium industry, with a global presence and owned R&D facilities in in Frankfurt, Germany and Pori, Finland, as well as other locations. Spodumene ore naturally occurs in the crystal structure of monoclinic alpha form (-form). Some processes may utilize a rotary cooler following the roasting step in order to reduce the temperature of the material for subsequent handling. The plant will be equipped to convert spodumene, which is a mineral mined for its lithium content, into lithium battery materials. Facilitated by calcination, decrepitation expands the spodumenes crystal structure by about 30%, ultimately allowing the otherwise chemically inert ore to react with sulfuric acid., In processing spodumene concentrate, calcination causes decrepitation at temperatures between 1075 1100 C. Temperature control during calcination is crucial to the success of the process; if temperatures are allowed to approach anywhere near 1400 C, undesirable formations between the alpha spodumene and other silicates can occur (referred to as eutectics).. Lithium is produced mainly from brine and hard-rock deposits, both of which make distinct products of differing value. A typical run of mine ore can contain 1-2% Li 2 O, while a typical spodumene concentrate suitable for lithium carbonate production contains 6-7% Li 2 O (75% - 87% spodumene). The key to the lithium extraction from -spodumene is destroying the crystal structure. In order to extract lithium from the ore via the leaching process, however, the ores crystal structure must be in the tetragonal beta form (-form). This conversion is achieved through decrepitation, or the shattering of the crystal structure. When Australia's spodumene capacity increased after new projects came online in 2018, the spodumene production route for lithium hydroxide became dominant. The process concept and the results of the recent pilot test work were presented at the ALTA 2019 conference in Perth, Australia. At 950 C after 30 minutes of heating phase appeared on the XRD spectra which detected while -spodumene was produced, after 2 hours of heating at 1100 C. hb```f``d`e`8 @16l~odm&ZH]va" All of Australia's current resources and production are from lithium minerals, chiefly spodumene, though other Li-bearing minerals such as lepidolite are also present. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"kEttrQclnV2yMkg.95NoJDE3QLzkSyAHdypwuis9AJM-1800-0"}; As an alternative process of calcination, a sample of -spodumene was subjected tomicrowave and hybrid microwave heating. To ensure the highest lithium quality and yield, we precisely target impurities and selectively precipitate the lithium forms most valuable to a project. This, in combination with spodumenes high lithium content, has made the exploration for and development of spodumene deposits a highly attractive endeavor. They refine a high-grade lithium output using water that can be returned and re-used. Learn about our business model, review corporate performance information, meet our management team and more. The invention provides a method for producing lithium hydroxide by dissolving spodumene out of a pipeline reactor. Metallurgical studies to date have yielded a high-value, low-impurity lithium carbonate product, not a concentrate, through commercially used processing routes. However, the value of the concentrates produced at hard-rock mines is on average US$6,250/t LCE lower than that of the lithium chemical products produced at brine operations. The internal rate of return for the Project is estimated at 34.9% after tax, with a net present value estimated at C$726 million at an 8% discount rate. This extraction rate surpasses the worldwide average of between 70 to 75% in what is accepted as an industry standard. The completion and successful production run of the projects. (aka pugmill mixer). The company said that in Chile, it has reached a run-rate of 180,000 metric tons of high-quality lithium products while working to further expand its lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide capacity. Among these minerals, spodumene (LiAlSi 2 O 6) has attracted the most interest due to its high lithium content (8.03% Li 2 O) and comparatively lower process cost, and has been commercially mined for lithium extraction since the middle of the twentieth century (Choubey et al., 2016, Ellestad and Leute, 1950, Rosales et al., 2019). Currently, there are six prices of lithium carbonate, four for lithium hydroxide and one spodumene concentrate price: Benchmark Minerals, Lithium Carbonate, 99 percent, FOB South America, USD/tonne This suggested that -spodumene can start absorbing microwave at temperatures above 643 C. Most of the world's battery-grade lithium is produced by: Mining & acid leaching from spodumene ores, i.e. in the total Measured, Indicated and Inferred Resources at the site. It is expected to produce 30,000 MT of lithium hydroxide per year when fully operational. The goal of the acid roasting step is to allow the lithium to be extracted from the mixture as water-soluble lithium sulfate, which is amenable to leaching. Calcination typically occurs in an inert environment. 0000017134 00000 n ScaleSense offers real-time measurement of ions such as calcium, enabling better process control, boosting yield and purity. From here, the beta-phase concentrate frequently undergoes sulfuric acid digestion via mixing in a paddle mixer (aka pugmill mixer). This lithium hydroxide then gets shipped to Sumitomo in Japan, where the cathode material for Tesla . Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is described in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release. HWn7}#ai/@` ;MI^&(Yr{fEm!sfHZMTp>L{bvULV>$|/9}x'=MzL)_6C) OIY#J"Y>l;s|{8ngG=G3|XVN:ah 296 0 obj <> endobj Saltworks has shipped two SaltMaker MVR crystallizers and a SaltMaker ChilledCrys to the electric vehicle (EV) battery industry. The processing almost always begins with concentration via crushing, grinding and froth flotation, followed by drying in a rotary dryer to produce a dried lithium concentrate. This leads to cracking of the particles and their dispersion to smaller particles. The organic phase comprises a quaternary ammonium chloride and a hydrophobic phenol in a diluent. By definition, lithium extraction is a set of chemical processes where lithium is isolated from a sample and converted to a saleable form of lithium, generally a stable yet readily convertible compound such . High, 92% Li extraction from alpha spodumene and after calcination/soda leach and lithium hydroxide conversion. 0000002627 00000 n Most of the worlds battery-grade lithium is produced by: A third method is gaining popularity, particularly in North America and China: DLE operators generally extract lithium using methods unique to each site, but most produce a lithium chloride solution of 1,000 to 2,000 mg/L containing impurities. 0000001056 00000 n 2023Piedmont Lithium Inc. All Rights Reserved. September 28, 2020 | Bevis Yeo. The project has received approval from the Federal Minister of Environment and Climate Change on the recommendation of the Joint Assessment Committee, comprised of representatives from the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada and the Cree Nation Government; The Corporation is working to obtain similar approval under the Qubec environmental assessment process. The completion and successful production run of the projects Dense Media Separation (DMS) mini pilot plant was also recently announced. Bart Vanden Bossche, SQMs sales director, told the audience at the recent Advanced Automotive Batteries Conference that over the next decade demand for lithium carbonate is likely to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10 to 14 percent alongside a CAGR of 25 to 29 percent for lithium hydroxide. Generally, forward-looking information can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "scheduled", "anticipates", "expects" or "does not expect", "is expected", "scheduled", "targeted", or "believes", or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results "may", "could", "would", "might" or "will be taken", "occur" or "be achieved". Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from expected results described in forward-looking information include, but are not limited to: results of the engineering study for a chemical plant to produce high quality lithium hydroxide monohydrate, Critical Elements' ability to secure sufficient financing to advance and complete the Project, uncertainties regarding global supply and demand for lithium and tantalum and market and sales prices, uncertainties with respect to social, community and environmental impacts, uncertainties with respect to optimization opportunities for the Project, as well as those risk factors set out in the Corporation's year-end Management Discussion and Analysis dated August 31, 2021 and other disclosure documents available under the Corporation's SEDAR profile. Spodumene Concentrate is a lithium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Li [AlSi 2 O 6 ]. stated earlier in the project that the first drill holes sample appeared to be about 20m thick and estimated to contain around 35% spodumene. These batteries have better power density, longer life cycle and greater safety . Lithium hydroxide is the product most in demand to manufacture lithium-iron-phosphate batteries (LFP, or LiFePO 4). The companys Falchani project in Peru ranks as the sixth-largest hard rock lithium resource in the world. 2 LiAlSi2O6 (s)+ H2SO4 (l) 2 HAlSi2O6 (s)+Li2SO4 (s) After reaction between the acid and the concentrate, the lithium sulphate is leached by water in which it dissolved while leaving the leached concentrate in its solid state. Learn more in our SaltMaker MVR lithium hydroxide crystallizer spec sheet. Piedmont Lithium' $141.7 million grant will be paired with $430.4 million from the company to build a $600 million lithium hydroxide processing plant in McMinn County, Tennessee. NMC and NCA are the preferred chemistries for EV batteries because they provide the highest energy densities; both require the lithium feed to be in the form of hydroxide instead of carbonate. At the beginning of 2021, with spot prices still near their cyclical lows, there was virtually no margin to be . Earlier this month its. Owner 92 Resources recently joined forces with Far Resources on the project. The pilot plant conversion process from spodumene concentrate to lithium hydroxide was further optimized and confirmed the previous strong results with extraction and conversion rates of 92 %. March 2, 2022. %PDF-1.5 The substantial premium these products fetch over concentrate products is leading some hard rock producers to invest in conversion facilities in order to increase their profit margins and capture 100 percent of the value chain. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. We believe we are uniquely positioned to deliver lithium hydroxide as a key resource to the market. After 30 seconds of roasting the extraction reduced and reached 49% after 4 minutes. The conventional commercial process requires high-temperature calcination to transform -spodumene into. Through an additional chemical process, the carbonate can be converted into lithium hydroxide. In addition, the pilot plant produced battery grade lithium hydroxide. 0 Additional tests may need to be conducted by the Corporation in order to meet customer specific requirements. Acid roasting of spodumene was replicated in benchtop microwave oven adjusted on 700 W power. Battery makers and car companies are looking to diversify their supply chains, which rely on China for. (calciner) to convert the spodumene from alpha to beta phase, in order to make it more amenable to reaction. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information. /E !5$X b)R1!J":8cmIFo~dYq^"I;ZoBe'k(d&rd+E et;=I,6q/M2Z6 4oB_cv(e{CQ*eqW)ieV5^)83,aNS8c+((((%10yKc9sN|`>W1+W'9lH.u{y{y{y{y{yI$[6w GH-}v N* ~ This leads to cracking of the particles and their dispersion to smaller particles. It is the most common lithium containing hard rock in the world. As the next part of this study the common method of extraction of lithium from spodumene was studied. Pilbara Minerals sells spodumene cargo tied to lithium hydroxide prices Australia's Pilbara Minerals has agreed to sell a cargo of spodumene concentrate to a chemical converter using a. X-Ray Diffraction analyses were performed on the converted material to . Other lithium-bearing pegmatite silicates include lepidolite and petalite. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out size mixing on water and beta spodumene powder, sodium hydroxide and lime which are obtained by transforming a calcined crystal, delivering into the pipeline reactor by using a pump, mixing by utilizing the flow of slurry in a . Lithium producers capable of developing processing capabilities could be in a position to secure higher margins for their products. The Corporation also has a good, formalized relationship with the Cree Nation. Saltworks is delighted to formally announce its Lithium Test Centre, dedicated to accelerating and de-risking lithium processing projects. Most hard rock mining is associated with lithium-bearing spodumene in pegmatite deposits. Unlike the kiln used for decrepitation, this kiln is of the indirect configuration, often referred to as a calciner. Todays global lithium production comes mainly from hard rock deposits such as Tianqi Lithiums (SZSE:002466) Greenbushes mine in Australia, or brine deposits such as SQMs Salar de Atacama in Chile. Owner 92 Resources recently joined forces with Far Resources on the project. In August 2022, we celebrated the opening of our corporate headquarters at 42 E. Catawba Street in Belmont, NC. Source: Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes Within Pegmatites is a lithium-bearing mineral known as Spodumene, which occurs as prismatic crystals that range in color to be either white, yellowish, purplish, yellowish-green or emerald green. Here again, materials of construction must be highly resistant to the corrosive nature of the material being processed. More studies on the residue showed that the residue has ion exchange properties and at elevated temperatures in presence of lithium the H+ can be replaced with Li+. Among these three modifications -spodumene proven suitable for lithium extraction processes, hence the production of these phases should be closely monitored in feed preparation stage. The residue of the water leach was aluminium silicon hydrate (H2O.Al2O3.4SiO2) for roasting under 30 seconds and after 4 minutes peaks of -spodumene appeared in the XRD pattern. startxref 0000011806 00000 n Copyright LITHIUM (Data in metric tons of lithium content unless otherwise noted) . A number of spodumene projects have been making headlines as of late, with some of the most prominent listed below. Forward-looking information contained herein is made as of the date of this news release and Critical Elements disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or results or otherwise, except as required by applicable securities laws. The pilot plant conversion process from spodumene concentrate to lithium hydroxide was further optimized and confirmed the previous strong results with extraction and conversion rates of 92 %. Two different North American lime sources have been qualified and approved. The kiln is set at a slight angle in order to allow gravity to assist in moving material through the rotating drum. While generally higher on the cost curve than brine operations, spodumene concentrate is converted into battery-grade lithium hydroxide which trades at around $16,000 per tonne ex-works in China . [CDATA[ , part owner of the project, recently announced their findings of a 295.05m thick intersection of spodumene bearing pegmatite a highly promising discovery. The concentrate, now in -form, is first mixed with sulfuric acid (a step referred to as sulfuric acid digestion) and fed to a separate rotary kiln. Various process data points can be tested to find the optimal combination for lithium recovery. Traditionally lithium hydroxide was produced from lithium carbonate, resulting in a high degree of price correlation between the two chemicals in the market. INN does not provide investment advice and the information on this profile should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Our goal is to obtain necessary permits and approvals1 in 2023, commence construction in 2024, and begin production of spodumene concentrate and lithium hydroxide in 2026. endstream endobj 297 0 obj <>/Metadata 25 0 R/Pages 24 0 R/StructTreeRoot 27 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 298 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 1/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 299 0 obj <> endobj 300 0 obj <> endobj 301 0 obj <> endobj 302 0 obj <> endobj 303 0 obj <> endobj 304 0 obj <>stream 0@sb%i~0v lX8X\``419F :9\ccVMfS`>ipOH1T, 8;; 0000021295 00000 n MONTRAL, QC / ACCESSWIRE / May 17, 2022 / Critical Elements Lithium Corporation (TSX-V:CRE) (OTCQX:CRECF) (FSE:F12) ("Critical Elements" or the "Corporation") is pleased to announce the results from the Corporation's pilot plant program recently completed at the Metso Outotec Research Center, successfully converting spodumene concentrate from the Rose Project ("Rose") into battery grade lithium hydroxide using a thermal leaching process. PLL shares up nearly 57 per cent this morning. During process development, particular attention is paid to potential by-products such as tantalum, niobium or cesium, and also to industrial minerals such as quartz and feldspar which may be recovered during mineral concentration, leaching and purification. xref Brine operations, on the other hand, involve pumping lithium-bearing brine to surface level evaporation ponds followed by further processing to produce lithium carbonate, which can then be treated on-site to produce lithium hydroxide. By 2025, experts anticipate demand is likely to increase by a staggering 73%.. Piedmont Lithium operates honestly and ethically supporting environmental, public and corporate initiatives focused on the safety, health and wellbeing of our community and workforce. // ]]> You can also learn more by clicking Privacy policy. Lithium salts are found in underground deposits of brine, mineral ore, and clay, as well as in seawater and geothermal well brines/water. In addition, NAL has undertaken to convert its spodumene production into lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate within Qubec from the sixth anniversary until the tenth anniversary of the closure . A variety of processes for the production of lithium products from spodumene are described in literature, but only the sulfuric acid route is of industrial importance for economic reasons and . Calcination is a thermal processing technique used throughout a variety of industries to instigate a chemical reaction or physical change in a material. Perform sensitivity analysis on our models toevaluate how unanticipated market changes may affect margins of lithium mining companies. In the Corporation's view, Qubec is strategically well-positioned for US and EU markets and boasts good infrastructure including a low-cost, low-carbon power grid featuring 93% hydroelectricity. , located in Western Australia, is being recognized as a globally important source of spodumene, with offtake agreements already in place. Auto manufacturers have announced upwards of US$300 billion in investments over the next five to 10 years to capture that EV market, Alex Holmes, CEO of Plateau Energy Metals (TSXV:PLU), told the Investing News Network at the Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada conference. Natural spodumene is hard and dense (3.15 g.cm 3) and resilient to direct leaching. Known for its high lithium content, spodumene is the most widely exploited mineral source of lithium. Table: Conversion Factors for Lithium Compounds and Minerals . 0000018550 00000 n Average total cash costs in 2019 at hard rock lithium mines are expected to be less than half of those at brine operations, explained Adam Webb, head of mine economics at S&P Global Market Intelligence. 0000007435 00000 n A summary of impurity levels is provided below: The two critical steps of the process to recover the lithium from spodumene are the conversion from alpha spodumene to beta spodumene where the piloting work achieved 98% conversion rate and the separation of the lithium hydroxide from the calcined spodumene by soda-leaching (98% efficiency) and conversion to lithium hydroxide (96% efficiency). With slight grinding the excess acid could be reduced to 15%. Sign Up Earlier this month. A direct-fired kiln utilizes direct contact between the material and process gas to thermally process the ore. Critical Elements aspires to become a large, responsible supplier of lithium to the flourishing electric vehicle and energy storage system industries. The sample reached 98 C after 10 minutes of microwave irradiation with power of 3 kW. Spodumene forms three different crystal structures, the naturally occurred - spodumene, and y and -spodumene which are the products of heat treatment at 700 to 1100 C. Average total cash costs in 2019 at hard-rock lithium mines are expected to be less than half of those at brine operations. We pair smart, precise chemical conversion (BrineRefine) with robust ceramic ultrafiltration (XtremeUF) to complete conversion steps with less chemical waste and greater precision, all delivered in an automated, compact package with integrated controls. Add to this the expanding electronics market and lithium-ion batteries have never been more in demand. in which the USGS outlines a number of minerals deemed as critical to the economic prosperity and security of the nation. 332 0 obj <>stream Critical Elements has successfully produced battery-grade lithium hydroxide in pilot plant testing on spodumene concentrate from its Rose project in Quebec. Known for its high lithium content, spodumene is the most widely exploited mineral source of lithium. The companys campaign fees paid for INN to create and update this INNSpired article. The spodumene resource is very high grade, of good size, with low iron and low impurities. BloombergNEF has forecast that global sales of EVs will grow from 1.1 million in 2017 to 11 million in 2025, with China accounting for nearly half of those sales in 2025. Conversion of to -spodumene is accompanied by shrinkage of the crystal units leading to contraction of particles. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the acid roast process application of microwave oven was proposed. To convert to the tetragonal -form, high temperature (>1000 C) is required. Albemarle and Ganfeng turn spodumene concentrate from Australia into lithium hydroxide in China. Dried lithium concentrate is then processed in a rotary kiln (calciner) to convert the spodumene from alpha to beta phase, in order to make it more amenable to reaction. endstream endobj 305 0 obj <> endobj 306 0 obj <> endobj 307 0 obj <>stream Proximity to expected customers reduces transportation distances for a more responsible supply chain emissions profile, On-site solar array is planned to supply much of the power needed for our lithium hydroxide production plant, Industry-leading sustainability profile, leveraging innovative Metso:Outotec technology, Single, integrated site, helping minimize land impact and reduce transportation requirements, Job creation supported by a skilled local workforce.
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